The Health-ISAC and CI-ISAC Australia recognize in a joint white paper that, as espionage, hacktivism, and financially motivated crimes continue to converge, this trajectory is driven by multiple factors, many of which depend on the societal context in which the cybercrime originates. This comes as nation-state threat actors have been observed empowering local cybercriminal outfits to further geopolitical objectives. A shadow industry of offensive cyber tooling research and development companies has emerged, widening the R&D capabilities for state-sponsored cyber espionage groups.
